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Similarly, the less educated the master, the less intelligent the slave had to appear, so as to remain the master’s inferior while keeping him amused; and since American slave owners were usually less educated than Europeans, the kind of comedy that arose in American life featured a more dim-witted fool than had ever been seen on stage before. Every idiocy had to be exaggerated for effect, from misuse of language to physical ineptitude. — location: 472 ^ref-23001


1865, — location: 747 ^ref-4097


Again and again, critics noted that black minstrelsy was not a show; it was a display of natural impulses. — location: 747 ^ref-39356


appellation in its most pejorative sense. — location: 1059 ^ref-61623


, upped the ante with an — location: 1191 ^ref-3942


By 1954 criticism of the Zulus as minstrels had grown. Manuel Wilson, Zulu king that year, announced: “Zulu is going to be modern from the word go. Some of our folks have been kicking about how the parade . . . is a disgrace to the Negroes. So . . . we’re going to be a comic strip right on.” The next year a new king appeared wearing silk clothes and no blackface; as soon as more traditional members saw this, they hurriedly painted his face, and did so again when he wiped it off. — location: 1287 ^ref-17710